Integrating Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Goat Manure With Brewery Sludge: Promoting Renewable Energy and Improving Organic Waste Solutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.v16i2.2035Keywords:
Anaerobic digestion, biogas, co-digestion, goat manure, organic carbon, sludge of beerAbstract
The growing accumulation of organic waste resulting from agricultural and industrial processes poses significant environmental and health challenges, especially in developing nations where sustainable waste management systems are limited. This research explored the feasibility of combining goat manure (GM) with brewery sludge (SB) through anaerobic co-digestion as a sustainable approach for producing renewable biogas and enhancing the value of organic waste. The amount of biogas was calculated using the water displacement method, while physico-chemical parameters, including volatile solids, total solids, total nitrogen, organic carbon, & pH, were analyzed before & after digestion. All indicators showed significant variations between the pre- and post-digestion stages (p < 0.05). Among substrates, 100% goat manure (GM) had the greatest initial pH (7.88), whereas 100% brewery sludge (SB) had the lowest pH (6.78). Maximum decrease in VS (100% SB ) & TS (100% GM ) were found, while the greatest carbon reduction occurred in the 25% SB + 75% GM mixture. After digestion, the amount of organic nitrogen rose, with the highest C/N ratio observed in 100% SB and the lowest in 100% GM. Cumulative biogas yield revealed that the 25% SB + 75% GM mixture produced the highest volume, identifying it as the optimal substrate ratio. The findings suggest that, especially for rural and agro-industrial communities, anaerobic co-digestion of goat manure and brewery sludge provides an affordable and sustainable method for producing clean energy, managing organic waste better, and protecting the environment.
References
Mikulcic H, Baleta J, Wang X, Duic N, Dewil R (2022) Sustainable development in period of climate crisis. J Environ Manage 303:114271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv man.2021.114271.
Gao Y, Gao X, Zhang X (2017) The 2°C global temperature target and the evolution of the long-term goal of addressing climate change from the united nations framework convention on climate change to the paris agreement. Eng 3(2):272-278. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/J.ENG.2017.01.022
Scafetta N (2024) Impacts and risks of realisti global warming projections for the 21st century. Geosci Front 15(2):101774. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.08674
Perera F (2017) Pollution from fossil-fuel combustion is the leading environmental threat to global pediatric health and equity: solutions exist. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(16):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010016
Bhatti UA, Bhatti MA, Tang H, Syam MC, Awwad EM, Sharaf M, Ghadi YY (2024) Global production patterns: Understanding the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, agriculture greening and climate variability. Environ Res 245(15):118049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.118049
Murphy R (2024) What is undermining climate change mitigation? How fossil-fuelled practices challenge low-carbon transitions. Energy Res Soc Sci 108:103390. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103390
Jameel MK, Mustafa MA, Ahmed HS, Mohammed AJ, Ghazy H, Shakir MN, Lawas AM, Mohammed SK, Idan AH, Mahmoud ZH, Sayadi H, Kianfar E (2024) Biogas: Production, properties, applications, economic and challenges: A review. Results Chem 7:101549.
Kumar A, Agrawal A (2020) Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities a review. Curr Res Environ Sustain 2:1-19. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2023.12.2.095
Alemayehu A, Kelemu S, Derib G, Amente B (2024) Sustainability of biogas technology adoption in Ethiopia. Next Res 1(2):100037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexres.2024.100 037
Anokye K, Darkob AO, Agyemang P, Adjei LK, Ayeriga MW, Biyogue DN, Amuah EEY, Agya BA, Sodoke S, Mohammed AA (2025) Waste and well-being: Examining waste management challenges and disease burden among marginalized populations in Ghana. Soc Sci Humanities Open 12:101739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2025. 101739
Getaneh A, Eba K, Tucho GT (2024) Assessment of biomass energy potential for biogas technology adoption and its determinant factors in rural district of Limmu Kossa, Jimma, Ethiopia. Energies 17(9):1-15.
Prajapati P, Guo R, Cai A, Prasad R (2025) Navigating the energy transition in india: challenges and opportunities towards sustainable energy goal. Water-Energy Nexus 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2025.07.004.
Farghali M, Osman AI, Umetsu K, Rooney DW (2022) Integration of biogas systems into a carbon zero and hydrogen economy: a review. Environ Chem Letters 20:2853-2927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01468-z
Wang J, Azam W (2024) Natural resource scarcity, fossil fuel energy consumption, and total greenhouse gas emissions in top emitting countries. Geosci Front 15(2):101757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101757
Benti NE, Gurmesa GS, Argaw T, Aneseyee AB, Gunta S, Kassahun GB, Aga GS, Asfaw AA (2021) The current status, challenges and prospects of using biomass energy in Ethiopia. Biotechnol Biofuels 14(209):1-24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-021-0206 0-3
Hoang AT, Nizeti S, Olcer AI, Ong HC, Chen W, Chong CT, Thomasi S, Bandh AJ, Nguyen XP (2021) Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the global energy system and the shift progress to renewable energy: opportunities, challenges, and policy implications. Energy Policy 154:112322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol. 2021.112322
Al-Yasiri AJ (2021) Global energy demand for different energy sources: current status and future prospects. Akkad J Contemp Econ Stud 1(4):186-196. https://doi. org/10.552 02/ajces.v1i4.96
Holechek JL, Geli ME, Sawalhah MN, Valdez R (2022) A global assessment: can renewable energy replace fossil fuels by 2050. Sustain 14:4792.
Jaiswal KK, Chowdhury CR, Yadav D, Verma R, Dutta S, Jaiswal KS, Sangmesh B, Karuppasamy KSK (2022) Renewable and sustainable clean energy development and impact on social, economic, and environmental health. Energy Nexus 7:100118. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100118
Bhuiyan MMH, Siddique Z (2025) Hydrogen as an alternative fuel: A comprehensive review of challenges and opportunities in production, storage, and transportation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 102:1026-1044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025. 01.033
Sharma V, Dash M (2022) Household energy use pattern in rural India: a path towards sustainable development. Environ Chall 6:100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021. 100404
Yalew AW (2022) The Ethiopian energy sector and its implications for the SDGs and modeling. Renew Sustain Energy Trans 2:100018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rset.2022. 100018
Mulatu AB, Legese SA, Lamore TH, Gessesse GM, Negash WA (2025) The effects of traditional biomass energy utilization on socio economic and environmental sustainability development of rural society in Ethiopia. Discover Energy 5(27):1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43937-025-00072-w
Seppelt R, Klotz S, Peiter E, Volk M (2022) Agriculture and food security under a changing climate: An underestimated challenge. iSci 25(12):105551. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.isci.2022.105551
Chami DE, Daccache A, Moujabber ME (2020) What are the impacts of sugarcane production on ecosystem services and human well-being a review. Ann Agric Sci 65:188-199.
Bhagat V, Khune V, Pathak R, Singh N, Yogi S, Kashyap K (2021) Production of biogas from different waste materials: A review. Pharma Innov J 10(4):520-523.
Ani KA, Agu CM, Chizoo E, Kadurumba CH, Ahaneku IE (2023) Goat manure waste and palm oil mill effluent, viable crude oil degradation substrates: A thermodynamic and composting investigation studies. Waste Manag Bull 1(4):125-133. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wmb.2023.10.006
Nleya Y, Young B, Nooraee E, Baroutian S (2025) Anaerobic digestion of dairy cow and goat manure: Comparative assessment of biodegradability and greenhouse gas mitigation. Fuel 381:133458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.133458
Ngabala FJ, Emmanuel JK (2024) Potential substrates for biogas production through anaerobic digestion-an alternative energy source. Heliyon 10(23):e40632. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40632
Szaja A, Montusiewicz A, Lebiocka M, Bis M (2021) A combined anaerobic digestion system for energetic brewery spent grain application in co-digestion with a sewage sludge. Waste Manag 135:448-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.034
Lopez-Aguilar HA, Pérez-Hernández A, Monreal-Romero HA, Melénde CL, Peralta-Pérez MR, Zavala-Díaz FJ (2025) Anaerobic co-digestion of brewers’ spent grain from craft beer and cattle manure for biogas production. World 6(118):1-16. https://doi.org/10. 3390/world6030118
Linyi C, Yujie Q, Buqing C, Chenglong W, Shaohong Z, Renglu C, Shaohua Y, Lan Y, Zhiju L (2025) Enhancing degradation and biogas production during anaerobic digestion of food waste using alkali pretreatment. Environ Res 188:109743. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.envres.2020.109743
Mekonnen AM, Sendekie ZB, Ebissa DT, Bezie Y (2024) Optimizing rumen fluid inoculation for enhanced biogas production using organic waste codigestion. Int J Chem Eng 2463014:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/ijce/2463014
Makri A, Remmas N, Ntougias S, Melidis P (2025) Enhanced anaerobic digestion of cotton stalk residues using rumen microbiota as hydrolytic and fermentative inoculum for renewable energy production. Environ Processes 12(20):1-16. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s40710-025-00759-1
Alvarez-Mendez SJ, Gonzalez JM, Ramos-Suarez JL, Perez AC, Ritter A (2023) Anaerobic digestion of commercial PLA and PBAT biodegradable plastic bags: Potential biogas production and 1 H NMR and ATR-FTIR assessed biodegradation. Heliyon 9(6): e16691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16691
Kumar DJP, Mishra RK, Chinnam S, Binnal P, Dwivedi N (2025) A comprehensive study on anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste: A review on configurations, operating parameters, techno-economic analysis and current trends. Biotechnol Notes 5:33-49 .
Himel MTF, Uddin SS, Kabir F, Shatil AHM (2022) Analysis of pH factor of small range biogas production with local ingredients. Cardiff J 33:48-54.
Gonde L, Wickham T, Brink HG, Nicol W (2022) pH-based control of anaerobic digestion to maximise ammonium production in liquid digestate. Water 417(15):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030417
Deepanraj B, Sivasubramanian V, Jayaraj S (2017) Effect of substrate pretreatment on biogas production through anaerobic digestion of food waste. Int J Hydrogen Enrgy 42(42):26522-26528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.06.178
Hołaj-Krzak JT, Konieczna A, Borek K, Gryszkiewicz-Zalega D, Sitko E, Urbaniak M, Dybek B, Anders D, Szymenderski J, Koniuszy A, Wałowski G (2024) Goat manure potential as a substrate for biomethane production an experiment for photofermentation. Energy 17:1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163967
Dhungana B, Lohani SP, Marsolek M (2022) Anaerobic co-digestion of food waste with livestock manure at ambient temperature: a biogas based circular economy and sustainable development goals. Sustain 14(6):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su14063307
Olatunji KO, Madyira DM, Adeleke O (2023) Optimizing anaerobic co-digestion of Xyris capensis and duck waste using neuro-fuzzy model and response surface methodology. Fuel 354:129334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129334
Li P, Zhao H, Cheng C, Hou T, Shen D, Jiao Y (2024) A review on anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge with other organic wastes for methane production: Mechanism, process, improvement and industrial application. Biomass Bioenergy 185:107241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107241
Saadia S, Houcine B, Abdelhak B, Ahmed M (2025) Optimization of factors affecting biogas production from dairy wastewater using Response Surface Methodology and its kinetic and microbial analysis. Results Eng 26:104781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng. 2025.104781
Wongthanate J, Mongkarothai K (2018) Enhanced thermophilic bioenergy production from food waste by a two stage fermentation process. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 7: 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0196-8
Sun ZF, Wu ST, Chen C, Wang ZH, Tan JY, Zhang YT, Wang XT, Yang SS, Xing DF, Liu DM, Wang AJ, Ren NQ, Zhao L (2025) Biochar-enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: Comparative performance and mechanistic insights. Water Res X 29: 100423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100423
Orhorhoro EK, Ebunilo PO, Sadjere GE (2017) Experimental Determination of Effect of Total Solid (TS) and Volatile Solid (VS) on Biogas Yield. Am J Mod Energy 3(6):131-135. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajme.20170306.13
Mrosso R, Mecha AC, Kiplagat J (2023) Characterization of kitchen and municipal organic waste for biogas production: Effect of parameters. Heliyon 9(5):e16360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16360.
Moretti A, Ivan HL, Skvaril J (2024) A review of the state-of-the-art wastewater quality characterization and measurement technologies. Is the shift to real-time monitoring nowadays feasible?. J Water Process Eng 60:105061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe. 2024.105061
Frankovich TA, Jones RD (1998) A rapid, precise and sensitive method for the determination of total nitrogen in natural waters. Marine Chem 60(4):227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4203(97)00100-X
Wang Z, Jiang Y, Wang S, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Hu Z, Wu G, Zhan X (2020) Impact of total solids content on anaerobic co-digestion of pig manure and food waste: Insights into shifting of the methanogenic pathway. Waste Manag 114:96-106. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.wasman.2020.06.048
Sloot MV, Kleijn D, Deyn GB, Limpens J (2022) Carbon to nitrogen ratio and quantity of organic amendment interactively affect crop growth and soil mineral N retention. Crop Environ 1(3):161-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2022.08.001
Gupta PK, Thakur A, Gupta S, Bala N, Rana V, Joshi G, Rawat JS, Prakash R (2024) Pinepeat from Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine) foliage. Waste Manag Bull 2(2):140-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wmb.2024.04.006
Khaled BM, Das AK, Alam SMS, Saqib N, Rana MS, Sweet SR, Naznin T, Hossain MP, Sardar S, Hossain Z, Marzan S, Yesmin A (2024) Effect of different drying techniques on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of Moringa oleifera leaves powder and their application in bakery product. Appl Food Res 4(2):100599. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.afres.2024.100599
Trombley JB, Wang C, Thennadil SN (2023) Model-free measurements of calorific content and ash content of mixed garden wastes using a bomb calorimeter. Fuel 352: 129105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129105
Apaliya MT, Aidoo P, Kwaw E, Mensah LA, Osae R, Alolga RN, Aikins ASS, Wilson CL (2024) Effect of different drying methods on the rehydration kinetics, physiochemical and functional properties of unripe plantain (Musa parasidiaca) flour. Food Chem Adv 4: 100610.
Faruk MO, Galib RM, Bulbul MAI, Alam M (2025) Optimizing drying techniques for Capsicum chinense: impacts on physicochemical, functional, and bioactive properties. Food Chem Adv 9:101126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2025.101126
Haija KAE, Chiang YW, Santos RM (2024) On-site determination of soil organic carbon content: A photocatalytic approach. Clean Technol 6(2):784-801. https://doi.org/10.3 390/cleantechnol6020040
Ray AJ, Fleckenstein LJ, Johannemann ME, Fisk, JC (2025) The effects of substrate and C:N ratio on water quality in denitrification systems for brackish water aquaculture. Aquac Rep 40:102624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102624
Anand S, Diarra S, Sharma AC (2023) Soil Organic Carbon: Associating the Walkley-Black wet oxidation method to loss on ignition (Gravimetric Method) and clay content for selected samoan inceptisols. Eur J Appl Sci 10(2):1-9 (2023).
Ng WKP, Maxfield PJ, Crew AP, Teixeira DL, Bevan T, Bell MJ (2025) Comparison of soil organic carbon measurement methods. Agronomy 15(8):1826. https://doi.org/10.339 0/agronomy15081826
Panigrahi S, Sharma RK, Mishra B (2023) Determination of organic carbon in soil by modified walkley and black method. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 7(5):1262-1269.
Hossain SA, Mazrin M, Habibullah M (2023) Determination of organic carbon of soil by the Walkley–Black Method. Jashore Univ Sci Technol J 5(2):45-53. https://doi.org/10. 13140/RG.2.2.32699.80162/1
Wojnarovits L, Homlok R, Kovács K, Tegze A, Takács E (2024) Wastewater characterization: Chemical oxygen demand or total organic carbon content measurement. Molecules 29(2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29020405
Bojarevics A, Baranovskis R, Kaldre I, Milgrāvis M, Beinerts T (2017) Two cylinder permanent magnet stirrer for liquid metals. Mater Sci Eng 228(1):012022.
Boppana NPD, Snow R, Simone PS, Emmert GL, Brown MA (2023) A low-cost automated titration system for colorimetric endpoint detection. Analyst 148(9):2133-2140.
Jamal SD, Jamil DM, Khidhir ZK (2020) Protein determination in some animal products from sulaymaniyah markets using kjeldahl procedure. J Food Dairy Sci 11(12):343-346.
Hayes M (2020) Measuring protein content in food: An overview of methods. Foods 9(10):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101340
Quirino DF (2023) Variations of the Kjeldahl method for assessing nitrogen recovery in tropical forages. Geoderma Reg 78:648. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12641
Twyman RM (2005) Sample dissolution for elemental analysis wet digestion. Encycl Anal Sci 146-153.
Codner GF, Jullien N, Erbs V, Wells S, Loeffler J, Chessum L, Birling MC, Caulder A, Teboul L (2021) Universal Southern blot protocol with cold or radioactive probes for the validation of alleles obtained by homologous recombination. Methods 191:59-67. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.011
Gosiamemang T, Heng JYY (2023) Sodium hydroxide catalysed silica sol-gel synthesis: Physicochemical properties of silica nanoparticles and their post-grafting using C8 and C18 alkyl-organosilanes. Powder Technol 417:118237. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.powtec. 2023.118237
Ferdous MJ, Ali MR, Uddin MS, Ali MS, Antu MAR, Haq M, Ahmed MT (2025) Enhancement of nutritional value and storage stability of silver carp surimi incorporated with red seaweed (Gracilaria tenuistipitata) paste. Appl Food Res 5(1):100719. https://do i.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.100719
Azkarahman AR, Cysneiros Chatzifragkou A, D, Karatzas KAG (2025) Anaerobic digestion of whey permeate: Impact of feedstock ratio and organic loading rate in batch and semi-continuous systems. Heliyon 11(4):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.202 5.e42395
Diniz BC, Wilfert P, Sorokin DY, Loosdrecht MCM (2025) Anaerobic digestion at high-pH and alkalinity for biomethane production: Insights into methane yield, biomethane purity, and process performance. Bioresour Technol 429:132505. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.biortech.2025.132505
Okaa AI, Ogu CT (2020) Physicochemical analysis and seasonal variations of sediment and water samples from selected surface waters in anambra state, Nigeria. Int J Environ Agric Biotechnol 5(1):210-216. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.51.30
Kumar VK, Kumargouda V (2025) Investigation on effect of pH level of substrate by lime water and acetic acid treatment on biogas production through anaerobic digestion. Sustain. Energy Res 12(34):1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40807-025-00168-w
Cai Z, Li K, Lee WJ, Reaney MTJ, Zhang N, Wang Y (2021) Recent progress in the thermal treatment of oilseeds and oil oxidative stability: A review. Fundam Res 1(6):767-784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fmre.2021.06.022
Cabeza C, Harasek M, Ahmed AEG, Minauf M, Wielan K (2025) Starch hydrolysates, their impurities and the role of membrane-based technologies as a promising sustainable purification method at industrial scale. Food Res Int 209:116300. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.foodres.2025.116300
Amin FR, Khalid H, Zhang H, Rahman S, Zhang R, Liu G, Chen C (2017) Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass for anaerobic digestion. Environ Eng 72(7):1-12.
Gonzalez A, Guo H, Ortega-Ibáñez O, Petri C, Lier JB, Kreuk M, Hendriks A (2020) Mild thermal pre-treatment of waste activated sludge to increase loading capacity, biogas production, and solids’ degradation: A pilot-scale study. Energies 13(22):1-18. https://do i.org/10.3390/en13226059
Guo G, Li Y, Zhou S, Chen Y, Qin Y, Li YY (2022) Enhanced degradation and biogas production of waste activated sludge by a high-solid anaerobic membrane bioreactor together with in pipe thermal pretreatment process. Bioresour Technol 346:126583. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126583
Lai CW, Bhuyar P, Shen M., Chu CY (2022) A Two-stage strategy for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by continuous Biohydrogen fermenter and sequencing batch reactor from food industry wastewater. Sustain. Energy Technol Assess 53:102445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102445
Haner J, Neradko A, Weinrich S, Gausling M, Krüp B, Wetter C, Nelles M (2025) Evaluation of pig farming residue as substrate for biomethane production via anaerobic digestion. Biomass Convers Biorefin 15:14303-14323. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s13399-024-06425-0
Kasinath A, Ksiazek SF, Szopinska M, Bylinski H, Artichowicz W, Skwarek A, Luczkiewicz A (2021) Biomass in biogas production: Pretreatment and codigestion. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 150:111509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111509
Ruan L, Wu H, Wu S, Zhou L, Wu S, Shang C (2024) Optimizing the Conditions of Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse for Bioethanol Production. ACS Omega 9(27):29566-29575.
Owamah HI, Ikpeseni CS, Alfa MI, Oyebisi SO, Gopikumar S, Samuel OD, Ilabor SC (2021) Influence of inoculum/substrate ratio on biogas yield and kinetics from the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and maize husk. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag 16:100558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100558
Massa A, Llano RCD, Carrero-Carralero C, Baiget M, Axpe E, Rothschild LJ, Sanz ML (2025) Fermentation of Monascus purpureus biomass as a new protein-rich food ingredient. Process Biochem 158:118-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pro cbio.2025.08.008
Miranda-Mejía GA, Cardador-Martínez A, Tejada-Ortigoza V, Morales M, Martín-Belloso O (2025) Modulating yogurt fermentation through pulsed electric fields and influence of milk fat content. Foods 14(11):1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods 14111927
Zhang J, Wang L, Kannan K (2020) Microplastics in house dust from 12 countries and associated human exposure. Environ Int 134:105314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.20 19.105314
Barcelo D, Pico Y, Alfarhan AH (2023) Microplastics: Detection in human samples, cell line studies, and health impacts. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 101:104204. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.etap.2023.104204
Abbas I, Liu J, Noo RS, Faheem M, Farhan M, Ameen M, Shaikh SA (2022) Development and performance evaluation of small size household portable biogas planr for domestic use. Bioconvers Biorefin 12:3107-3119.
Castells B, Alvaro AG, Amez I, Leon L, Gasco A, Ortega MF, Hermosilla D (2024) Comparison of pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion processes for wheat straw biomass. Energy Rep 12:4390-4401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.10.016
Sher F, Smjecanin N, Hrnjic H, Karadza A, Omanovic R, Sehovic E, Sulejmanovic J (2024) Emerging technologies for biogas production: A critical review on recent progress, challenges and future perspectives. Process Saf Environ Prot 188:834-859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.05.138
Khaliq H, Younas M, Sharif M, Hussain S, Younas U, Sajid M, Qudratullah Khan MFU, Usman M, Ullah Q (2025) Comparative analysis of biogas production efficiency from anaerobic digestion of cow dung and mixed dung substrates. Sarhad J Agric 41(2):881-893. https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2025/41.2.88 1.893
Berrezueta E, Kovacs T, Herrera-Franco G, Mora-Frank C, Caicedo-Potosí J, Carrion-Merod P, Carneiro J (2023) Laboratory studies on CO2-brine-rock interaction: an analysis of research trends and current knowledge. Int J Greenh Gas Control 123:103842.
Trisakti B, Sidabutar R, Irvan Rambe HS, Alexander V, Simanjuntak AMN, Silalahia Rafael AS, Michael M, Nasution JA, Nabilah Y, Daimon H (2025) Biogas upgrading via CO2 absorption using monosodium glutamate-promoted potassium carbonate in packed absorption column: Design and performance assessment. S Afr J Chem Eng 51:213-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2024.11.010
Allam IMA (2025) Analysis of variance (anova): A comprehensive study of concept, application, and importance in experimental data analysis. https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG .2.2.24086.56645.
Abbas Y, Yun S, Mehmood A, Shah FA, Wang K, Eldin ET, Al-Qahtani WH, Ali S, Bacchetta P (2023) Co-digestion of cow manure and food waste for biogas enhancement and nutrients revival in bio-circular economy. Chemosphere 311:137018. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137018
Ferdes M, Paraschiv G, Ionescu M, Dincă MN, Moiceanu G, Zăbavă BST (2023) Anaerobic co-digestion: A way to potentiate the synergistic effect of multiple substrates and microbial diversity. Energies 16(5):1-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052116
Ofon UA, Ndubuisi-Nnaji UU, Udofia GE, Adegoke AA, Orji EE, Ekaette MI, Ukot CA, Offiong NAO, Fapojuwo DP, Shaibu SE (2025) Optimization of biogas production with rice straw-derived biochar: Characterization, hormetic effects, and kinetics modeling. Clean Waste Syst 11:100288. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.clwas.2025.100288
Tahri A, Loumani A, Larbi AA, Djaafri M, Kaidi K, Moungar H (2022) Comparison of the methane yield between different types of organic waste in the region of adrar, through anaerobic digestion. Chem Mater Sci 84(2):93-104.
Aramrueang N, Zhang R, Liu X (2022) Application of biochar and alkalis for recovery of sour anaerobic digesters. J Environ Manag 307:114538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen vman.2022.114538
Yang J, Zhang J, Du X, Gao T, Cheng Z, Fu W, Wang S (2025) Ammonia inhibition in anaerobic digestion of organic waste: a review. Int J Environ Sci Technol 22:3927-3942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-06029-1
Meza AR, Armenta MA, Burboa-Charis VB, Serrano-Palacios D, Rivas P, Alvarez LH (2025) Alkaline hydrolysis of cattle and poultry manures with nejayote (corn-industry wastewater) for methane production by anaerobic co-digestion. Total Environ Eng 4: 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teengi.2025.100038
Abanades S, Abbaspour H, Ahmadi A, Das B, Ehyaei MA, Esmaeilion F, Assad ME, Hajilounezhad T, Jamali DH, Hmida A, Ozgoli HA, Safari S, AlShabi M, Bani Hani EH (2022) A critical review of biogas production and usage with legislations framework across the globe. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:3377-3400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1376 2-021-03301-6
Elsayed A, AlSayed Kakar FL, Abdelrahman AM, Zagloul MS, Muller C, Ahmed N, Bell KY, Santoro D, Norton J, Marcus A, Elbeshbishy E (2024) Enhancing anaerobic digestion Efficiency: A comprehensive review on innovative intensification technologies. Energy Convers Manag 320:118979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118979
Rastogi M, Nandal M, Khosla B (2020) Microbes as vital additives for solid waste composting. Heliyon 6(2):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03343
Karki R, Chuenchart W, Surendra KC, Shrestha S, Raskin L, Sung S, Hashimoto A, Khanal SK (2021) Anaerobic co-digestion: Current status and perspectives. Bioresour Technol 330 125001.
Choudhury A, Lepine C, Witarsa F, Good C (2022) Anaerobic digestion challenges and resource recovery opportunities from land-based aquaculture waste and seafood processing byproducts: A review. Bioresour Technol 354:127144. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.biortech.2022.127144
Choi Y, Ryu J, Lee SR (2020) Influence of carbon type and carbon to nitrogen ratio on the biochemical methane potential, pH, and ammonia nitrogen in anaerobic digestion. J Anim Sci Technol 62(1):74-83. https://doi.org/10.5187/jast.2020.62.1.74
Jeppu GJ, Kaup S, Janardhanan A, Mohammed S, Acharya S (2022) Efect of feed slurry dilution and total solids on specifc biogas production by anaerobic digestion in batch and semi batch reactors. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 24:97-110. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s10163-021-01298-1
Liu H, Li X, Zhang Z, Nghiem D, Gao L, Wang Q (2021) Semi-continuous anaerobic digestion of secondary sludge with free ammonia pretreatment: Focusing on volatile solids destruction, dewaterability, pathogen removal and its implications. Water Res 202: 117481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2021.117481
Afotey B, Sarpong GT (2023) Estimation of biogas production potential and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for sustainable energy management using intelligent computing technique. Meas Sens 25:100650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2022.100650
Zhang P, Zhang G, Shang X (2022) Effect of Different Peat Substitute Substrates on the Growth and Quality of Seedlings of Handroanthus chrysanthus (Jacq.) S.O. Grose. Forests 13(10):1626. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101626
Czekała W, Nowak M, Bojarski W (2023) Characteristics of substrates used for biogas production in terms of water content. Fermentation. 9(5):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ fermentation9050449
Sudiartha GAW, Imai T, Hung YT (2022) Effects of stepwise temperature shifts in anaerobic digestion for treating municipal wastewater sludge: a genomic study. Int. J. Environ. Res Public Health 19:1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095728
Sołowski G, Konkol I, Cenian A (2020) Methane and hydrogen production from cotton waste by dark fermentation under anaerobic and micro-aerobic conditions. Biomass Bioenergy 138:105576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020. 105576
Menta T (2020) Evaluation of biogas production from the co-digestion of banana fruit peels and poultry manure. J. Energy Technol. Policy 10(2):22-30.
Zangeneh A, Sabzalipour S, Takdatsan A, Yengejeh RJ, Khafaie MA (2021) Ammonia removal form municipal wastewater by air stripping process: an experimental study. S Afr J Chem Eng 36:134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2021.03.0 01
Owusu-Agyeman I, Plaza E, Cetecioglu Z (2020) Production of volatile fatty acids through co-digestion of sewage sludge and external organic waste: Effect of substrate proportions and longterm operation. Waste Manag 112:30-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. wasman.2020.05.027
Osman AI, Fawzy S, Farghali M, El Azazy M, Elgarahy AM, Fahim RA, MIA, Maksoud A, Ajlan AA, Yousry M, Saleem Y, Rooney DW (2022) Biochar for agronomy, animal farming, anaerobic digestion, composting, water treatment, soil remediation, construction, energy storage, and carbon sequestration: a review. Environ. Chem. Letters 20:2385-2485. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10311-022-01424-x
Kouzi AI, Puranen M, Kontro MH (2020) Evaluation of the factors limiting biogas production in full-scale processes and increasing the biogas production efficiency. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:28155-28168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09035-1
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2026 Meseret Desalegn, Meseret C. Egigu, Yaecob Gebre
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
