Yoga For Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review
Life Sciences-Nursing
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.2.SP2.L77-L82Keywords:
Yoga, Metabolic Syndrome, Syndrome X,, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Obesity, Yoga TherapyAbstract
With increased urbanization and industrialization, there is an emerging global epidemic of obesity which is a forerunner of metabolic syndrome. The most significant underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance and its consequences. The metabolic syndrome causes lipogenesis and fat deposition. It is one of the most important risk factors for the development of catastrophic health consequences such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus Type II, fatty liver, and malignant diseases. While most of these patients are treated by pharmacotherapy, there is a growing interest in studying the effectiveness of alternative therapies, including Yoga. Yoga has been practiced in India for thousands of years. Yoga, particularly Asana and Pranayama, is effective not only in improving the overall health and well-being of an individual but also reported to be effective in managing chronic medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders. Various studies have found Yoga to be not only preventive but also of therapeutic value. Yoga not only has physical elements but also consists of breathing techniques, mindfulness, meditation, and relaxation techniques; hence it not only strengthens the body (secondary to physical exercise) but also positively impacts the psychosocial well-being of individuals practicing Yoga regularly. We undertook this review to determine the effectiveness of Yoga in patients with metabolic syndrome and to know whether Yoga has therapeutic benefits in patients with metabolic syndrome. Moreover, an attempt was also made to determine whether there was a significant reduction in the risk of secondary cardiovascular complications in these patients.
References
Kaur J. A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. Cardiol Res Pract. 2014;2014:943162. doi: 10.1155/2014/943162, PMID 24711954.
Tworoger SS, Huang T. Obesity and ovarian cancer. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2016;208:155-76.
Ramic E, Prasko S, Mujanovic OB, Gavran L. Metabolic syndrome - theory and practice. Mater Sociomed. 2016;28(1):71-3. doi: 10.5455/msm.2016.28.71-73, PMID 27047273.
Holzer G, Straßegger B, Volc-Platzer B. Cutaneous manifestations of metabolic Syndrome. Hautarzt. 2016 Dec;67(12):982-8. doi: 10.1007/s00105-016-3891-2, PMID 27815622.
Zieve FJ. The metabolic syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;6;Suppl 3:S5-13. doi: 10.1016/s1098-3597(04)80093-0, PMID 15707265.
Tyagi A, Cohen M, Reece J, Telles S. An explorative study of metabolic responses to mental stress and yoga practices in non-yoga practitioners and individuals with metabolic syndrome. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:445. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-445, PMID 25398263.
Sohl SJ, Wallston KA, Watkins K, Birdee GS. Yoga for risk reduction of metabolic syndrome: patient-reported outcomes from a randomized controlled pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:3094589. doi: 10.1155/2016/3094589, PMID 27847524.
Büssing A, Michalsen A, Khalsa SB, Telles S, Sherman KJ. Effects of Yoga on mental and physical health: a summary of reviews. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:165410. doi: 10.1155/2012/165410, PMID 23008738.
Bhavanani AB. Role of Yoga in health and disease. J Symptoms Signs. 2014;3(5):399-406.
Manchanda SC. Yoga--a promising technique to control cardiovascular disease. Indian Heart J. 2014;66(5):487-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2014.08.013, PMID 25443600.
Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in treating stress, anxiety, and depression: part II—clinical applications and guidelines. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11(4):711-7. doi: 10.1089/acm.2005.11.711, PMID 16131297.
Stephens I. Medical yoga therapy. Children (Basel). 2017;4(2):12. doi: 10.3390/children4020012, PMID 28208599.
Sengupta P. Health impacts of Yoga and pranayama: A state-of-the-art review. Int J Prev Med. 2012;3(7):444-58. PMID 22891145.
Taneja DK. Yoga and health. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(2):68-72. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.132716, PMID 24963220.
Raveendran AV, Deshpandae A, Joshi SR. Therapeutic role of yoga in Type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2018;33(3):307-17. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2018.33.3.307, PMID 30112866.
Vizcaino M, Stover E. The effect of yoga practice on glycemic control and other health parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2016 Oct;28:57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2016.06.007, PMID 27670871.
Innes KE, Bourguignon C, Taylor AG. A systematic review of risk indices associated with insulin resistance syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and possible protection with Yoga. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2005;18(6):491-519. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.18.6.491, PMID 16322413.
Bhavanani AB. Role of Yoga in prevention and management of lifestyle disorders. Yoga Mimamsa. 2017;49(2):42-7. doi: 10.4103/ym.ym_14_17.
Jyotsna VP, Joshi A, Ambekar S, Kumar N, Dhawan A, Sreenivas V. Comprehensive yogic breathing program improves the quality of life in patients with diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16(3):423-8. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.95692, PMID 22629512.
Madanmohan, Bhavanani AB, Dayanidy G, Sanjay Z, Basavaraddi IV. Effect of yoga therapy on reaction time, biochemical parameters and wellness score of peri and post-menopausal diabetic patients. Int J Yoga. 2012;5(1):10-5. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.91696, PMID 22346060.
Amita S, Prabhakar S, Manoj I, Harminder S, Pavan T. Effect of yoga-nidra on blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53(1):97-101. PMID 19810584.
Singh S, Malhotra V, Singh KP, Madhu SV, Tandon OP. Role of Yoga in modifying certain cardiovascular functions in type 2 diabetic patients. J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:203-6. PMID 15636309.
McDermott KA, Rao MR, Nagarathna R, Murphy EJ, Burke A, Nagendra RH, et al. A Yoga intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:212. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-212, PMID 24980650.
Netam R, Yadav RK, Khadgawat R, Sarvottam K, Yadav R. Interleukin-6, vitamin D & diabetes risk factors modified by short-term yoga-based lifestyle intervention in overweight/obese individuals. Indian J Med Res. 2015;141(6):775-82. doi: 10.4103/0971-5916.160698, PMID 26205020.
Kanaya AM, Araneta MR, Pawlowsky SB, Barrett-Connor E, Grady D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Restorative Yoga and metabolic risk factors: the Practicing Restorative Yoga vs. stretching for the Metabolic Syndrome (PRYSMS) randomized trial. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28(3):406-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.12.001, PMID 24418351.
Balaji R, Ramanathan M, Bhavanani AB. Adjuvant yoga therapy modifies the diabetic renal profile. J Clin Diagn Res. 2020 Dec;14(12): KC01-4.
Balaji R, Ramanathan M, Bhavanani AB, Ranganadin P, Balachandran K. Effectiveness of adjuvant yoga therapy in the diabetic lung: A randomized control trial. Int J Yoga. 2019 May;12(2):96-102. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_20_18, PMID 31143016.
Balaji R, Ramanathan M, Bhavanani AB. Role of Yoga as adjuvant therapy in managing metabolic syndrome – A randomized control pilot study. Yoga Mimamsa. 2021;53(2):116-21. doi: 10.4103/ym.ym_109_21.
Cramer H, Langhorst J, Dobos G, Lauche R. Yoga for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016 Dec;23(18):1982-93. doi: 10.1177/2047487316665729. PMID 27550905.
Khoshnaw DM, Ghadge AA. Yoga as a complementary therapy for metabolic syndrome: A narrative review. J Integr Med. 2021 Jan;19(1):6-12. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.09.002. PMID 32952098.
Ross A, Brooks A, Touchton-Leonard K, Wallen G. A different weight loss experience: A qualitative study exploring the behavioral, physical, and psychosocial changes associated with Yoga that promote weight loss. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:2914745. doi: 10.1155/2016/2914745, PMID 27594890.
Bhavanani AB. Role of Yoga in geriatric psychiatric disorders. Int J Yoga Allied Sci. 2016;2(1).
Ramanathan M, Bhavanani AB, Trakroo M. Effect of a 12-week yoga therapy program on mental health status in elderly women inmates of a hospice. Int J Yoga. 2017;10(1):24-8. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.186156, PMID 28149064.
Mangala Gowri M, Rajendran J, Srinivasan AR, Bhavanani AB, Meena RImpact of an Integrated Yoga Therapy Protocol on Insulin Resistance and Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2022;13(1):e0005. doi: 10.5041/RMMJ.10462, PMID 35089124.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 R. Balaji, Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani, Lakshmi Jatiya, Meena Ramanathan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
