Efficacy of Yoga Therapy on Psychological Variables in Male Persons with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN)

Life Sciences-Yoga & Naturopathy

Authors

  • Sudhan P Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, NIT, Puducherry, India. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2542-1365
  • Babu Subbiah Sports Officer, Department of Physical Education, NIT, Puducherry, India.
  • Rajeev Sukumaran Professor, Directorate of Learning & Development SRMIST, Tamilnadu, India
  • Janaki G Associate Professor, Directorate of Learning & Development, SRMIST, Tamilnadu, India
  • Prema Nagesh Yoga Teacher, Vyaniti Yoga Center, Oman
  • L. Kalpana Yoga Teacher, Athma Gnanalayam, Tamilnadu, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.1.L230-244

Keywords:

Yoga Therapy, Diabetes Peripheral Neuropathy, psychological Variables, Perceived Stress Scale

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive analysis of the recognized efficacy of yoga therapy on psychological variables in male persons with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The sources of stress among person at 30 males with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were chosen for the study from the Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu in India were researched. To determine how stress sources are received by male persons with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Studies on DPN participants have examined important psychological variables such as Stress and Anxiety. When receiving yoga therapy, Participants with diabetic peripheral neuropathy had improved Mind function and decreased their DPN level: symptom Stress and Anxiety levels among patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The Participants were given a Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaire. The PSS had ten objects rated on a 5-point scale, with 0 being the least stressful and four being the most stressful, and The GAD had seven objects rated on a 4-point scale, with 0 being the least Anxiety and 3 being the most Anxiety. Thirty males with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were chosen for the study randomly; they were between the ages of 35 and 70. Two groups were formed from the selected subjects. There were fifteen in each group. one underwent experimental groups(n=15) another underwent control group (n=15). Group- I received a Yoga therapy practice, and Group II underwent it without any practice. The 12-week training period, six days per week, an hour in the morning. To determine the way to deal with stress through Yoga. This study showed that individuals who participated in the yoga module performed better than Control Group II. Yoga Therapy performed much better in Experimental Group I. After practising Yoga for 12 weeks, the experimental group shows better results in psychological characteristics. According to our data, the Yoga practice group benefited more than the control group. The experimental group was significantly less Stressed and Anxiety. On the other hand, the control group showed a modest increase but no improvement. Our data support this notion. Improved mindfulness, which includes specific components for processing experience, being less self-critical and empathetic to themselves, and not over-identifying with Stress and Anxiety, was connected to greater impact in the Yoga practice group. This research study reveals that Yoga Therapy was a significantly more effective treatment for DPN. 

References

Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, Litchy WJ, Klein R, Pach JM et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population‐based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology. 1993;43(4):817-. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.4.817, PMID 8469345.

Benbow SJ, Cossins L, MacFarlane IA. Painful diabetic neuropathy. Diabet Med. 1999;16(8):632-44. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-5491.1999.00028.x, PMID 10477207.

Schmader KE. Epidemiology and impact on quality of life of postherpetic neuralgia and painful diabetic neuropathy. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(6):350-4. doi: 10.1097/00002508-200211000-00002, PMID 12441828.

Galer BS, Gianas A, Jensen MP. Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2000;47(2):123-8. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00112-6, PMID 10670912.

Singh R, Kishore L, Kaur N. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: current perspective and future directions. Pharmacol Res. 2014;80:21-35. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.12.005. PMID 24373831.

Majeed NA. Physical therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Vol. 30(1); 2019. doi: 10.5463/DCID.v30i1.760.

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, Crofford O et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401, PMID 8366922.

Partanen J, Niskanen L, Lehtinen J, Mervaala E, Siitonen O, Uusitupa M. Natural history of peripheral neuropathy in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(2):89-94. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199507133330203, PMID 7777034.

Tesfaye S, Stevens LK, Stephenson JM, Fuller JH, Plater M, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C et al. Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its relation to glycaemic control and potential risk factors: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia. 1996;39(11):1377-84. doi: 10.1007/s001250050586, PMID 8933008.

Vinik AI, Strotmeyer ES, Nakave AA, Patel CV. Diabetic neuropathy in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2008;24(3):407-35. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2008.03.011, PMID 18672180.

Boulton AJM. Management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Clin Diabetes. 2005;23(1):9-15. doi: 10.2337/diaclin.23.1.9.

Morrison S, Colberg SR, Parson HK, Vinik AI. Relation between risk of falling and postural sway complexity in diabetes. Gait Posture. 2012;35(4):662-8. 25. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.12.021, PMID 22269128.

Richardson JK, Hurvitz EA. Peripheral neuropathy: a true risk factor for falls. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1995;50(4):M211-5. doi: 10.1093/gerona/50a.4.m211, PMID 7614243.

Simoneau GG, Derr JA, Ulbrecht JS, Becker MB, Cavanagh PR. Diabetic sensory neuropathy effect on ankle joint movement perception. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(5):453-60. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90033-7, PMID 8629921.

Weiner LM, Webb AK, Limbago B, Dudeck MA, Patel J, Kallen AJ et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011-2014. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(11):1288-301. doi: 10.1017/ice.2016.174, PMID 27573805.

O’Brien BC, Harris IB, Beckman TJ, Reed DA, Cook DA. Standards for reporting qualitative research: a synthesis of recommendations. Acad Med. 2014;89(9):1245-51. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000388, PMID 24979285.

Albers JW, Pop-Busui R. Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms, emerging treatments, and subtypes. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14(8):473. doi: 10.1007/s11910-014-0473-5, PMID 24954624.

Backonja M, Beydoun A, Edwards KR, Schwartz SL, Fonseca V, Hes M et al. Gabapentin for the symptomatic treatment of painful neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Survey of Anesthesiology. 1999;43(4):236-7. doi: 10.1097/00132586-199908000-00055.

Dworkin RH, Corbin AE, Young JP, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L, Bockbrader H et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 2003;60(8):1274-83. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000055433.55136.55, PMID 12707429.

Jain V, Sharma J. Effect of yogic intervention: pranayama on anxiety & depression. Int J Indian Psychol. 2017;4(3):124-36.

Pop-Busui R, Boulton AJ, Feldman EL, Bril V, Freeman R, Malik RA et al. Diabetic neuropathy: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(1):136-54. doi: 10.2337/dc16-2042, PMID 27999003.

Manickavelu P, S B, Kaliyaperumal AB. Prevalence of diurnal physical mobility and sedentary behavior among allied healthcare college students in Puducherry, India. Int J Epidemiol Health Sci. 2022;3(3). doi: 10.51757/IJEHS.3.3.2022.249173.

Levin ME. Diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(1):1. doi: 10.2337/diacare.21.1.1, PMID 9538961.

Gutierrez EM, Helber MD, Dealva D, Ashton-Miller JA, Richardson JK. Mild diabetic neuropathy affects ankle motor function. Clin Biomech (Bristol Avon). 2001;16(6):522-8. doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(01)00034-1. PMID 11427295.

Singleton N, Lee A, Meltzer H. Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households. Vol. 2000 [technical report]; 2002.

Gitananda S. Yoga reflex pressure. Yoga Life. May 1989;22:13-4.

Sharma VK, Trakroo M, Subramaniam V, Rajajeyakumar M, Bhavanani AB, Sahai A. Effect of fast and slow pranayama on perceived stress and cardiovascular parameters in young health-care students. Int J Yoga. 2013;6(2):104-10. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.113400, PMID 23930028.

Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Tuffrey V, Richardson J, Pilkington K. Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(12):884-91; discussion 891. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.018069, PMID 16306493.

Riley D. Hatha yoga and the treatment of illness. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(2):20-1. PMID 15055088.

Jagadevan M, Mohanakrishnan B, Bhavanani AnandaB, Shristhudhi D, Arumugam P, Subbiah B, et al. Additive effect of “Brahma Mudra” on pain, proprioception and functional abilities in non-specific mechanical neck pain. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021;27:717-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.06.015, PMID 34391312.

Mooventhan A, Nivethitha L. Evidence based effects of yoga in neurological disorders. J Clin Neurosci. 2017;43:61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.05.012, PMID 28599839.

Hoffarth LN 2012. Structural yoga therapy research paper Yogaville program November 2005 peripheral neuropathy, RYT500, RMT, SYTherapist/Teacher™ Midlothian, Virginia. Received February 8, 2012; accepted May 24, 2012; published May 31, 2012.

Van Puymbroeck M, Atler K, Portz JD, Schmid AA. Multidimensional improvements in health following Hatha yoga for individuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Int J Yoga Therap. 2018;28(1):71-8. doi: 10.17761/2018-00027, PMID 29419337.

Sudhan P, Babu Subbiah JPS, Sukumaran R. Using Varma treatments to improve the physiological variables performance of silambam players affected by diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Posit Sch Psychol. 2022;6(6):5024-34.

Sudhan P, BabuSubbiah, RajeevSukumaran, Janaki G, PremaNagesh, Kalpana L. Efficacy of Varma therapy on physiological variables in male persons with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). NeuroQuantology | november 2022 |. 2022;20 | issue 15 |page 2693-2703|. doi: 10.14704/nq.2022.20.15.nq88260.

Willis LA. Yoga improves balance, balance confidence, and occupational performance for adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study; 2015 ([doctoral dissertation]. Colorado State University).

Prasanna 2011. The effects of yoga (asana) on human lower limb muscles IJECT Vol. 2. SP-1, Dec. 2011.

Baute V, Zelnik D, Curtis J, Sadeghifar F. Complementary and alternative medicine for painful peripheral neuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(9):44. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0584-z, PMID 31478093.

Becker I. Uses of yoga in psychiatry and medicine. Complement Altern Med Psychiatry. 2000;19:107-45.

Nespor KAREL. Twelve years of experience with yoga in psychiatry. Int J Psychosom. 1993;40(1-4):105-7. PMID 8070977.

Vahia NS, Doongaji DR, Jeste DV, Ravindranath S, Kapoor SN, Ardhapurkar I. Psychophysiologic therapy based on the concepts of Patanjail. A new approach to the treatment of neurotic and psychosomatic disorders. Am J Psychother. 1973;27(4):557-65. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1973.27.4.557, PMID 4761011.

Sharma I, Azmi SA, Settiwar RM. Evaluation of the effect of pranayama in anxiety state. Altern Med. 1991;3(4):227-35.

Liang L, Ren H, Cao R, Hu Y, Qin Z, Li C et al. The effect of COVID-19 on youth mental health. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(3):841-52. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09744-3, PMID 32319041.

Ehlers A, Clark DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther. 2000;38(4):319-45. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0, PMID 10761279.

Subbalakshmi NK, Saxena SK. Urmimala, and UJA D’Souza, Immediate effect of ”nadishodhana pranayama”on some selected parameters of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain. Thai journal of physiological sciences. 2005;18:10-6.

Vethathiri T. Maharishi1983. Guideline to simplified KundaliniYoga. India: Vethathiri Publications: 21-2.

Digambarji, Gharote. Gheranda Samhita. 1st ed; 1978 (Lonavala: Kaivalyadhama S.M.Y.M. Samiti,): 54.

Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Sharma SB. The beneficial effect of yoga in diabetes. Nepal Med Coll J. 2005;7(2):145-7. PMID 16519085.

Bhunia S. Can physical exercise, yoga, diet control and naturopathic treatment prevent progression of diabetes mellitus? Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010;54(1):92-4. PMID 21046928.

Willis Boslego LA, Munterfering Phillips CE, Atler KE, Tracy BL, Van Puymbroeck M, Schmid AA. Impact of yoga on balance, balance confidence and occupational performance for adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study. Br J Occup Ther. 2017;80(3):155-62. doi: 10.1177/0308022616680364.

Kanjirathingal JP, Mullerpatan RP, Nehete G, Raghuram N. Effect of yogasana intervention on standing balance performance among people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A pilot study. Int J Yoga. 2021;14(1):60-70. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_75_20, PMID 33840978.

Malhotra V, Singh S, Tandon OP, Madhu SV, Prasad A, Sharma SB. Effect of Yoga asanas on nerve conduction in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2002;46(3):298-306. PMID 12613392.

Jyotsna VP. Prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence for effect of yoga. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18(6):745-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.141318, PMID 25364666.

Prasanna 2011. The effects of yoga (asana) on human lower limb muscles IJECT Vol. 2. SP-1, Dec. 2011.55. Baute V, Zelnik D, Curtis J, Sadeghifar F. Complementary and alternative medicine for painful peripheral neuropathy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019;21(9):44. doi: 10.1007/s11940-019-0584-z, PMID 31478093.

Ross A, Thomas S. The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(1):3-12. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0044, PMID 20105062.

Iyengar BKS 1981. Light on pranayama: the yogic art of breathing (p. 294). Crossroad.

Bond K, Ospina MB, Hooton N, Bialy L, Dryden DM, Buscemi N et al. Defining a complex intervention: the development of demarcation criteria for ”meditation”. Psychol Relig Spirituality. 2009;1(2):129-37. doi: 10.1037/a0015736.

Sharma VK, Trakroo M, Subramaniam V, Rajajeyakumar M, Bhavanani AB, Sahai A. Effect of fast and slow pranayama on perceived stress and cardiovascular parameters in young health-care students. Int J Yoga. 2013;6(2):104-10. doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.113400, PMID 23930028.

Sharma VK, Elangovan SKS, Subramanian SK, Rajendran R. Effect of yoga on perceived stress and reaction time in sedentary males. Int J Physiol. 2018;6(3). doi: 10.5958/2320-608X.2018.00082.3.

Upadhyay P, Narayanan S, Khera T, Kelly L, Mathur PA, Shanker A et al. Perceived stress, resilience, and wellbeing in seasoned Isha yoga practitioners compared to matched controls during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2022;10:813664. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.813664, PMID 35968476.

Krishnakumar D, Hamblin MR, Lakshmanan S. Meditation and Yoga can Modulate Brain Mechanisms that affect; 2015.

Cramer H, Lauche R, Anheyer D, Pilkington K, de Manincor M, Dobos G et al. Yoga for anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018;35(9):830-43. doi: 10.1002/da.22762, PMID 29697885.

Jain V, Sharma J. Effect of yogic intervention: pranayama on anxiety & depression. Int J Indian Psychol. 2017;4(3):124-36.

Rutter LA, Brown TA. Psychometric properties of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 (GAD-7) in outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2017;39(1):140-6. doi: 10.1007/s10862-016-9571-9, PMID 28260835.

Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-7. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092, PMID 16717171.

Maric M, de Haan E, Hogendoorn SM, Wolters LH, Huizenga HM. Evaluating statistical and clinical significance of intervention effects in single-case experimental designs: an SPSS method to analyze univariate data. Behav Ther. 2015;46(2):230-41. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2014.09.005, PMID 25645171.

Pallant J. SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. Routledge; 2020.

Sieberg CB, Taras C, Gomaa A, Nickerson C, Wong C, Ward C et al. Neuropathic pain drives anxiety behavior in mice, results consistent with anxiety levels in diabetic neuropathy patients. PAIN Rep. 2018;3(3):e651. doi: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000651, PMID 29922743.

Rivat C, Becker C, Blugeot A, Zeau B, Mauborgne A, Pohl M et al. Chronic stress induces transient spinal neuroinflammation, triggering sensory hypersensitivity and long-lasting anxiety-induced hyperalgesia. Pain. 2010;150(2):358-68. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.05.031, PMID 20573451.

Published

2022-12-23

How to Cite

P, S. ., Subbiah, B. ., Sukumaran, R. ., G, J. ., Nagesh, P. ., & Kalpana, L. . (2022). Efficacy of Yoga Therapy on Psychological Variables in Male Persons with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN): Life Sciences-Yoga & Naturopathy. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.1.L230-244

Issue

Section

Research Articles