The Intriguing Thiazolidinediones as PPAR γ Agonists: A Review
Pharmaceutical Science-Pharmacy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22376/ijlpr.2023.13.5.P25-P50Keywords:
Thiazolidinedione, diabetes mellitus, peroxisome proliferative gamma receptors, glitazones, insulin sensitizers.Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by persistently elevated blood sugar levels. left untreatedover a long duration can cause multiple body disorders and may cause a person's early death. Though a traditional disorder, typeII diabetes prevalence is increasing daily, especially in the adolescent population worldwide. Peroxisome proliferator-activatedreceptor (PPAR) is a group of receptors consisting of three isoforms (PPAR α, PPAR β/δ, and PPAR γ. PPAR γ is involved inglucose metabolism by facilitating insulin's actions. Thiazolidinedione is a heterocyclic moiety standing pre-eminent in treatingdiabetes mellitus as a PPAR Gamma activator. Thiazolidinedione is a five-membered heterocyclic organic compound, athiazolidine derivative consisting of two carbonyl groups at positions 2 and 4 of the thiazolidine ring. Thiazolidinediones possessan idiosyncratic scaffold featuring a hydrogen bond acceptor region and hydrogen bond donating region at the third and fifthpositions. Thiazolidinedione is an indispensable pharmacophore with many pharmacological activities like antiproliferative,antiviral, antibacterial, tyrosine kinase inhibitory, aldose reductase inhibitory, alpha-glucosidase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antitubercular, antihyperlipidemic, etc. Many drugs have been introduced but later have been reticent because ofserious side effects like liver toxicity, CVS toxicity, etc. Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone have been marketed medications fortreating type II diabetes. This review article deliberates all the cardinal points of thiazolidinediones as PPAR agonists in treatingdiabetes mellitus, which were precluded in some articles. We aim to have an all-embracing review of thiazolidinediones as PPARgamma agonists. The review's objective is to inspire researchers to develop a more superior, secure, and efficient anti-diabeticmedication by thoroughly understanding the molecular mechanisms of thiazolidinediones at the PPAR gamma receptors, theirrisks, and the effect of the various substitutions on the thiazolidinedione.
References
American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. January 2014;37;Suppl 1:S81.
Kharroubi AT, Darwish HM. Diabetes mellitus: the epidemic of the century. World J Diabetes. 2015 June 25;6(6):850-67. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850, PMID 26131326.
Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes - global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020 March;10(1):107-11. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.191028.001, PMID 32175717.
Pradeepa R, Mohan V. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in India. Indian J Ophthalmol. November 2021;69(11) - Issue 11 -:2932-8. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1627_21, PMID 34708726.
Conget I. Diagnosis, classification and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2002;55(5):528-35 118. doi: 10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76646-3, PMID 12015934.
Diagnosis and management of type 2 diabetes (HEARTS-D). Geneva. World Health Organization; 2020 (WHO, UCN/NCD/20. 1). Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Jallab HRaji, Kadhim ZAA. Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol. April-June 2020;14(2):732-7.
Defronzo RA. Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58(4):773-95. doi: 10.2337/db09-9028, PMID 19336687.
Ahmad A, Khan A, Khan S. Causes, complications and management of diabetes mellitus. Chron J Food Nutr. 2017;1:1-3.
Ramachandran A. Know the signs and symptoms of diabetes. Indian J Med Res. 2014 November;140(5):579-81. PMID 25579136.
Abejew AA, Belay AZ, Kerie MW. Diabetic complications among adult diabetic patients of a tertiary hospital in Northeast Ethiopia. Advances in Public Health. 2015;2015 | Article ID 290920:1-7. doi: 10.1155/2015/290920.
Liyanage L. Diabetes mellitus and its risk factors. Epitome Int J Multidiscip Res. 2018;4:114-9.
Firneisz G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the liver disease of our age? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(27):9072-89. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.9072, PMID 25083080.
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065-79. doi: 10.2337/dc16-1728, PMID 27926890.
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1334-59. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb, PMID 21694556.
Kelly SJ, Ismail M. Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:441-62. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921, PMID 25581145.
Hackett RA, Steptoe A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and psychological stress: A modifiable risk factor. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(9):547-60. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.64, PMID 28664919.
Steptoe A, Hackett RA, Lazzarino AI, Bostock S, La Marca R, Carvalho LA et al. Disruption of multisystem responses to stress in type 2 diabetes: investigating the dynamics of allostatic load. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(44):15693-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410401111, PMID 25331894.
Hemanth gurula1, Tholcopiyan loganathan1, Yaongamphi Vashum1, Sudha pannerselvam1, in silico screening of potent ppar gamma agonists among natural anticancer compounds of Indian origin. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;9(4):320-4.
Evans RM, Barish GD, Wang YX. PPARs and the complex journey to obesity. Nat Med. 2004;10(4):355-61. doi: 10.1038/nm1025, PMID 15057233.
Dreyer C, Krey G, Keller H, Givel F, Helftenbein G, Wahli W. Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors. Cell. 1992;68(5):879-87. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(92)90031-7, PMID 1312391.
Dussault I, Forman BM. Prostaglandins and fatty acids regulate transcriptional signaling via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor nuclear receptors. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2000;62(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/s0090-6980(00)00071-x, PMID 10936411.
Encinar JA, Fernández-Ballester G, Galiano-Ibarra V, Micol V. In silico approach for the discovery of new PPARγ modulators among plant-derived polyphenols. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2015;9:5877-95. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S93449, PMID 26604687.
Hauner H. The mode of action of thiazolidinediones. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18;Suppl 2:S10-5. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.249, PMID 11921433.
Elekofehinti; in silico Studies on Plant Derived Rutin as Potent in silico Studies on Plant Derived Rutin as Potent Receptor Gamma (PPARγ); BJMMR. 2016;14(6):1-8:Article numberBJMMR.23813.
Blaschke F, Takata Y, Caglayan E, Law RE, HsuehObesity WA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and atherosclerosis in Type 2 DiabetesArteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular BiologyVolume. January 1, 2006;26(1):28-40.
Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiazolidinedione. Wikipedia.
Long N, Le Gresley A, Wren SP. Thiazolidinediones: an in–depth study of their synthesis and application to medicinal chemistry in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. ChemMedChem. 2021;16(11):1716-35. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202100177, PMID 33844475.
Navjot SS, Deo PN, Rajesh SK. Synthesis, Anticancer, and antibacterial Studies of benzylidene Bearing 5-substituted and 3,5-disubstituted-2,4-Thiazolidinedione Derivatives. Med Chem. 2021;17(4).
Kumar BR, Nanjan MJ. Novel glitazones: design, synthesis, glucose uptake and structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010;20(6):1953-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.125, PMID 20167487.
Sunduru N, Srivastava K, Rajakumar S, Puri SK, Saxena JK, Chauhan PM. Synthesis of novel thiourea, a thiazolidinedione, and thioparabanic acid derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline as potent antimalarials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2009;19(9):2570-3. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.026, PMID 19339178.
Desai NC, Pandit UP, Dodiya A. Thiazolidinedione compounds: a patent review (2010 - present). Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2015 April;25(4):479-88. doi: 10.1517/13543776.2014.1001738. PMID 25579106.
Shrivastava SK, Batham A, Sinha SK, Parida TK, Garabadu D, Choubey PK. Design, synthesize and evaluate novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic agents. Med Chem Res. 2016;25(10):2258-66. doi: 10.1007/s00044-016-1675-y.
Elhenawy AA, Salama AAA, Abdel All Abdulaziz MM, Alomri A, Int. J. Pharm. synthesis, characterization, and discovery of novel antidiabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic thiazolidinedione derivatives. Sci Rev Res. March-April 2015;31(2):23-30:Article number 05.
Abd Alhameed RA, Almarhoon Z, Bukhari SI, El-Faham A, de la Torre BG, Albericio F. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of a new series of thiazolidine-2,4-diones carboxamide and amino acid derivatives. Molecules. 2020;25(1):105. doi: 10.3390/molecules25010105.
Prasanna A. Datar Sainath B. Aher, Design, and synthesis of novel thiazolidine-2,4-diones as hypoglycemic agents. J Saudi Chem Soc. September 2016;20;Suppl 1:S196-201.
Clark DA, Goldstein SW, Volkmann RA, Eggler JF, Holland GF, Hulin B et al. Substituted dihydro benzopyran and dihydro benzofuran thiazolidine-2,4-diones as hypoglycaemic agents. J Med Chem. 1991;34(1):319-25. doi: 10.1021/jm00105a050, PMID 1992133.
Nomura M, Kinoshita S, Satoh H, Maeda T, Murakami K, Tsunoda M, et al. 3-(Substituted benzyl)- thiazolidine-2,4-diones as Structurally New antihyperglycemic Agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999;9(4):533-8. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00039-6, PMID 10098657.
Meltem, Rahmiye. Synthesis and antimicrobial Activity of Some New 3-Substituted Benzyl-5-(4-chloro-2-piperidin-1ylthiazole-5-yl-methylene)-thiazolidine-2, 4-dione Derivatives. Turk J Chem. 2006;30:355-60.
Thakur AS, Deshmukh R, Jha AK, Kumar PS. Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Effect of Novel thiazolidinedione Containing benzene-sulfonylurea and sulfonyl thiourea Derivatives. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem. 2016;16(2):152-7. doi: 10.2174/1871524915666150824154136, PMID 26299851.
Marc G, Stana A, Oniga SD, Pîrnău A, Vlase L, Oniga O. New phenolic derivatives of thiazolidine-2,4-dione with antioxidant and antiradical properties: synthesis, characterization, in vitro evaluation, and quantum studies. Molecules. 2019;24(11):2060. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112060, PMID 31151176.
Manning PJ, Sutherland WH, Walker RJ, Williams SM, de Jong SA, Berry EA. The effect of Rosiglitazone on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in overweight individuals. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(2):209-15. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.015, PMID 18541328.
Tanaka T, Okuyama-Dobashi K, Motohashi R, Yokoe H, Takahashi K, Wiriyasermkul P et al. Inhibitory effect of a novel thiazolidinedione derivative on hepatitis B virus entry. Antiviral Res. 2021 October;194:105165. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105165. PMID 34419484.
Pattana S, Kedara M, Pattanb J, Dengalea S, Sanapa M, Gharatea U et al. Synthesis and evaluation of some novel 2,4thiazolidinedione derivatives for antibacterial, antitubercular, and antidiabetic activities. Indian J Chem. 2012;51B(September):1421-5.
Malamas MS, Sredy J, Gunawan I, Mihan B, Sawicki DR, Seestaller L et al. New Azolidinediones as inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B with antihyperglycemic properties. J Med Chem. 2000;43(5):995-1010. doi: 10.1021/jm990476x, PMID 10715163.
Fresneau P, Cussac M, Morand JM, Szymanski B, Tranquil D, Leclerc G. Synthesis, activity, and molecular modeling of new 2, 4-dioxo-5-(naphthyl methylene)-3-thiazolidineacetic acids and2-thioxo analogs as potent aldose reductase inhibitors. J Med Chem. 1998;41(24):4706-15. doi: 10.1021/jm9801399, PMID 9822541.
Daş-Evcimen N, Bozdağ-Dündar O, Sarikaya M, Ertan R. In vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity of some flavonol-2,4-thiazolidinediones. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2008 June;23(3):297-301. doi: 10.1080/14756360701475282, PMID 18569331.
Sever B, Altıntop MD, Demir Y, Türkeş C, Özbaş K, Çiftçi GA, et al. A new series of 2,4-thiazolidinediones endowed with potent aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Open Chem. 2021;19(1):347-57. doi: 10.1515/chem-2021-0032.
Patil VM, Tilekar KN, Upadhyay NM, Prof Ramaa CS. Synthesis, in-vitro evaluation, and molecular docking study of N-substituted thiazolidinediones as α-glucosidase inhibitors. ChemistrySelect. 2022;7(1). doi: 10.1002/slct.202103848.
Pattan SR, Khade AB, Pawar PD, Tarnalli AD, Kittur BS, Borkar SD. Synthesis of 2-amino [5′-(4-sulphonyl benzylidene)-2,4-thiazolidinedione] −6-fluoro benzothiazoles as anti-inflammatory agents. Indian J Heterocycl Chem. 2007;16:299-300.
Rashid M, Shrivastava N, Husain A. Synthesis and SAR strategy of thiazolidinedione: a novel approach for cancer treatment j. J Chil Chem Soc. 2020;65(2):4817-32. doi: 10.4067/S0717-97072020000204817.
Shakour N, Sahebkar A, Karimi G, Paseban M, Tasbandi A, Mosaffa F et al. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 5-(imidazolyl-methyl) thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic agents. Bioorg Chem. 2021;115:105162. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105162, PMID 34314919.
Willson Tm. Jeffery e cobb. Willson TM, Cobb JE, Cowan DJ, Wiethe RW, Correa ID, Prakash SR, etc. The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem. 1996;39(3):665-8. doi: 10.1021/jm950395a, PMID 8576907.
Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, Wilkison WO, Willson TM, Kliewer SA. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high-affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). J Biol Chem. 1995;270(22):12953-6. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.22.12953, PMID 7768881.
Hosotani H, Ohashi Y, Yamada M, Tsubota K. Reversal of abnormal corneal epithelial cell morphologic characteristics and reduced corneal sensitivity in diabetic patients by aldose reductase inhibitor, CT-112. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119(3):288-94. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71169-9, PMID 7872388.
Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor. Wikipedia.
Bansal G, Thanikachalam PV, Maurya RK, Chawla P, Ramamurthy SAn overview on the medicinal perspective of thiazolidine-2,4-dione: a remarkable scaffold in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Adv Res. 2020;23:163-205. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.01.008, PMID 32154036.
Straus DS, Glass CK. Anti-inflammatory actions of PPAR ligands: new insights on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol. 2007;28(12):551-8. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2007.09.003, PMID 17981503.
Willson TM, Cobb JE, Cowan DJ, Wiethe RW, Correa ID, Prakash SR, et al. The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Agonism and the anti-hyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones. J Med Chem. 1996;39(3):665-8. doi: 10.1021/jm950395a, PMID 8576907.
Jerry J, Greenfield R. Endocrinologist, Postgraduate Research Fellow, and Donald J. Chisholm, thiazolidinediones-mechanism of action, Experimental and clinical pharmacology. Vol. 27(3); june 2004. p. 67-9.
Bermúdez V, Finol F, Parra N, Parra M, Pérez A, Peñaranda L, et al. PPARgamma agonists and their role in type 2 diabetes mellitus management. Am J Ther. 2010;17(3):274-83. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181c08081, PMID 20216208.
Bairy PS. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma is an emerging potential target to combat the metabolic disorder. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017;10(12):40-4. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21596.
Sohda T, Mizuno K, Imamiya E, Sugiyama Y, Fujita T, Kawamatsu Y. Studies on antidiabetic agents II. Synthesis of 5-[4-(1-methylcyclohexylmethylmethoxy)-benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione (ADD-3878) and its derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull. 1982;30:3580-600.E.
Gale EA. Lessons from the glitazones: a story of drug development. Lancet. 2001;357(9271):1870-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04960-6, PMID 11410214.
Lalloyer F, Staels B. Fibrates, glitazones, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(5):894-9. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.179689, PMID 20393155.
Nissen SE. The rise and fall of rosiglitazone. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(7):773-6. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016, PMID 20154334.
Shukla R, Kalra S. Pioglitazone: Indian perspective. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011;15(4):294-7. doi: 10.4103/2230-8210.85581, PMID 22029000.
Mudur G. Researchers question ethics of diabetes drug trial. Br Med J. 2002;325(7360):353. doi: 10.1136/bmj.325.7360.353/a, PMID 12183295.
Dowarah J, Singh VP. Antidiabetic drugs' recent approaches and advancements. Bioorg Med Chem. March 1 2020;28(5):115263. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115263, PMID 32008883.
Available from: http://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/rosiglitazone.
Lebovitz HE. Thiazolidinediones: they forgot diabetes medications. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(12):151. doi: 10.1007/s11892-019-1270-y, PMID 31776781.
Iwamoto Y, Kuzuya T, Matsuda A, Awata T, Kumakura S, Inooka G et al. Effect of new oral antidiabetic agent CS−045 on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(11):1083-6. doi: 10.2337/diacare.14.11.1083, PMID 1797492.
Sahoo SP, Santini C, Boueres JK, Heck JV, Metzger E, Lombardo VK. Preparation of 5-(halo or alkyl)-5-aryl-2,4-thiazolidinedione and oxazolidinedione derivatives as PPAR agonists, PCT Int Appl WO 00 78,312, 28 Dec 2000. Chem [abstr]. 2001;134:71589.
Yanagisawa H, Takamura M, Yamada E, Fujita S, Fujiwara T, Yachi M et al. Novel oximes having 5-benzyl-2,4-thiazolidinedione as antihyperglycemic agents: synthesis and structure-activity relationship. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2000;10(4):373-5. doi: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00003-2, PMID 10714503.
Oguchi M, Wada K, Honma H, Tanaka A, Kaneko T, Sakakibara S et al. Molecular design, synthesis, and hypoglycemic activity of a series of thiazolidine-2,4-diones. J Med Chem. 2000;43(16):3052-66. doi: 10.1021/jm990522t, PMID 10956213.
Madhavan GR, Chakrabarti R, Kumar SKB, Misra P, Mamidi RNVS, Balraju V et al. Novel phthalazinone and benzoxazine containing thiazolidinediones as antidiabetic and hypolipidemic agents. Eur J Med Chem. 2001;36(7-8):627-37. doi: 10.1016/s0223-5234(01)01257-0, PMID 11600232.
Fujimori S, Murakami K, Tsunoda M. Preparation of substituted benzyl thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands. PCT Int Appl Wo. March 1 2001; Chem Abstr, 134;01(14),350:178551.
Lohray VB, Lohray BB, Paraselli RB, Rajagopalan R, Chakrabarti R. Preparation of substituted thiazolidinediones having antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antihypertensive properties, US Pat 6,313,113, 6 Nov 2001; Chem Abstr. 2001;135:344476.
Madhavan GR, Chakrabarti R, Vikramadithyan RK, Mamidi RNVS, Balraju V, Rajesh BM, et al. Synthesis and biological activity of novel pyrimidinone containing thiazolidinedione derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002;10(8):2671-80. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00107-4, PMID 12057656.
Momose Y, Maekawa T, Yamano Tohru, Kawada M, Odaka H, Ikeda H et al. Novel 5-substituted 2, 4-thiazolidinedione and 2, 4-oxazolidinedione derivatives insulin sensitizers with antidiabetic activities. J Med Chem. 2002;45(7):1518-34. doi: 10.1021/jm010490l, PMID 11906293.
Nag B, Dey D, Medicheria S. Preparation and activity of diphenylethylene thiazolidinediones and analogs as antidiabetics, antiinflammatories, or immunomodulators, USP at 25,975, 28 Feb 2002; Chem Abstr. 2002;136:216745.
Neogi P, Lakner FJ, Medicherla S, Cheng J, Dey D, Gowri M et al. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of cinnamic acid-based novel thiazolidinedione antihyperglycemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003;11(18):4059-67. doi: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00393-6, PMID 12927868.
Kim BY, Ahn JB, Lee HW, Moon KS, Sim TB, Shin JS, et al. Synthesis and antihyperglycemic activity of erythrose, ribose, and substituted pyrrolidine containing thiazolidinedione derivatives. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003;51(3):276-85. doi: 10.1248/cpb.51.276, PMID 12612411.
Bernardon JM, Clary L. Preparation of 4-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylmethyl)biphenyl derivatives as new ligand activators of PPARγ receptor for human medicine and in cosmetics, French Pat 2833949, 27 Jun 2003; Chem Abstr. 2003;139:69254.
Kim BY, Ahn JB, Lee HW, Kang SK, Lee JH, Shin JS et al. Synthesis and biological activity of novel substituted pyridines and purines containing 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Eur J Med Chem. 2004;39(5):433-47. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.03.001, PMID 15110969.
Bhat BA, Ponnala S, Sahu DP, Tiwari P, Tripathi BK, Srivastava AK. Synthesis and antihyperglycemic activity profile of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12(22):5857-64. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.031, PMID 15498661.
Jeon R, Park S. Synthesis and biological activity of benzoxazole containing thiazolidinedione derivatives. Arch Pharm Res. 2004;27(11):1099-105. doi: 10.1007/BF02975111, PMID 15595409.
Lu X. Preparation of thiazolidine diketone derivatives as selective RXR/PPARγ modulators, Chinese Pat 1524854, 01 Sep 2004; Chem Abstr. 2005;143:229831.
Gupta D, Ghosh NN, Chandra R. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of substituted 5- [4- [2- (6,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-oxo-4-quinoxalinyl)ethoxy] phenyl] methylene. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005;15(4):1019-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.041, PMID 15686904.
Pattan SR, Suresh C, V D Pujar RVVK, Rasal VP, Koti BC. Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of 2-amino [5- (4- sulfonyl benzylidene) −2,4 – thiazolidinedione] – 7 -chloro -6 -fluoro benzothiazole. Indian J Chem. 2005;44B:2404-8.
Lee HW, Kim BY, Ahn JB, Kang SK, Lee JH, Shin JS et al. Molecular design, synthesis, and hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel pyrimidine derivatives having thiazolidinedione. Eur J Med Chem. 2005;40(9):862-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2005.03.019, PMID 15908051.
Mourão RH a, T.G. Silva a,A.L.M. Soares a, E.S.Vieira a, J.N. Santos a, M.C.A. Lima a, V.L.M. Lima a, S.L. Galdino a, J. Barbe b, I.R. Pitta. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Acridinylidene and Benzylidene thiazolidinediones. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.40, 2005; 1129-1133.
Madhavan GR, Chakrabarti R, Reddy KA, Rajesh BM, Balraju V, Rao PB, et al. Dual PPAR-αand -γ activators derived from novel benzoxazinone containing thiazolidinediones having antidiabetic and hypolipidemic potential. Bioorg Med Chem. 2006;14(2):584-91. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.08.043, PMID 16198573.
da Costa Leite LF C, Mour RHV, de Lima Mdo C, Galdino SL, Hernandes MZ, de Assis Rocha Neves F et al.~ao. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of arylidene-thiazolidinediones with potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities. Eur J Med Chem. 2007;42(10):1263-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.02.015, PMID 17448573.
Bozdag-Dündar O, Verspohl EJ, Daş-Evcimen N, Kaup RM, Bauer K, Sarikaya M et al. Synthesis and biological activity of some new flavonol-2,4-thiazolidinediones. Bioorg Med Chem. 2008;16(14):6747-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.05.059, PMID 18565754.
Pattan SR, Kekare P, Patilc A, Kittur AN BS. Studies on the synthesis of novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives with antidiabetic activity. Iran J Pharm Sci. Autumn 2009;5(4):225-30.
Jiwane SK, Singh VK, Namdeo KP, Prajapati SK. Synthesis of some novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives and their biological screening as antidiabetic agents. Asian J Chem. 2009;21(7):5068-72.
Unlusoy MC, Kazak C, Bayro O, Verspohl EJ, Ertan R, Dundar OB. Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of 2,4- thiazolidinedione, imidazolidinedione, and 2-thioxoimidazolidine-4-one derivatives bearing 6-methyl chromonyl pharmacophore methyl chromonyl pharmacophore. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2013;28(6):1205-10. doi: 10.3109/14756366.2012.723207, PMID 23057864.
Srikanth L, Raghunandan N, Srinivas P, Amarender Reddy G. Synthesis and evaluation of newer quinolone derivatives of thiazolidinediones for their antidiabetic activity. Int J Pharm Biol Sci Vol.1/Issue-4/Oct-Dec.2010.
Kumar A, Chawla A, Jain S, Kumar P, Kumar S. 3-Aryl-2-{4-[4-(2,4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylmethyl)phenoxy]-phenyl}-acrylic acid alkyl ester: synthesis and antihyperglycemic evaluation. Med Chem Res. 2011;20(6):678-86. doi: 10.1007/s00044-010-9369-3.
Jawale DV, Pratap UR, Rahuja N, Srivastava AK, Mane RA. Synthesis and antihyperglycemic evaluation of new 2,4-thiazolidinediones having biodynamic aryl sulfonylurea moieties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2012;22(1):436-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.110, PMID 22123321.
102. Roy A, Bhanwase AS, Patil TD. Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Novel 5-[4-(substituted) benzylidene] 2.4 thiazolidinediones as Oral antihyperglycemic Agents. RJPBCS. July-September 2012;3 Issue 3 Page No. 452.
Pattan S, Kedara M, Pattanb J, Dengalea S, Sanapa M, Gharatea U et al. Synthesis and evaluation of some novel 2,4thiazolidinedione derivatives for antibacterial, antitubercular, and antidiabetic activities. Indian J Chem. 2012;51B(September):1421-5.
Anna PG, Deshpande ND, Une HD. Facile synthesis and in vivo hypoglycemic activity of novel 2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives. Eur J Exp Biol. 2012:2(2)-343-353.
Anna PG, Deshpande ND, Une HD. Design Synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of novel 2-(4-[2,4-dioxothiazolidine-5-ylidene)methyl-2-methoxy phenoxy)-N-substituted acetamide derivatives. Euro.J. Exp. Bio, 2012, 2(4): 1302-1314.
Ankush G, Pooja C, Shubhini SA. Synthesis of some novel 5-Substituted-Arylidene-3-SubstitutedBenzyl-Thiazolidine-2, 4-Dione Analogues as anti-hyperglycemic Agents. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2012;4:113-9.
Shukla S, Kumar P, Das NS, Moorthy NS, Shrivastava SK, Trivedi P, et al. Synthesis, characterization, biological evaluation, and docking of coumarin coupled thiazolidinedione derivatives and their bioisosteres asPPAR agonists. Med Chem. 2012;8(5):834-45. doi: 10.2174/157340612802084388, PMID 22741802.
Mohammed Iqbal AK, Khan AY, Kalashetti MB, Belavagi NS, Gong YD, Khazi IA. Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring. Eur J Med Chem. 2012;53:308-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.015, PMID 22575535.
Nikaljea PGA, Choudhary S, Une H. Design, synthesis and hypoglycemic activity of novel 2-(4-((2, 4-dioxothiazolidin-5-ylidene) methyl)-2-methoxyphenyl)-N-substituted acetamide derivatives. Eur J Exp Biol. 2012;2:1302-14.
Swathi N, Ramu Y, Subrahmanyam CVS, Satyanarayana K. Synthesis, quantum mechanical calculation and biological evaluation of 5-(4-substituted aryl/hetero aryl methylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-diones. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2012;4:561-6.
Nazreen S, Alam MS, Hamid H, Yar MS, Shafi S, Dhulap A; et al. Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking, and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole-based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists. Eur J Med Chem. 2014;87:175-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.010, PMID 25255433.
Mishra G, Sachan N, Chawla P. Synthesis and evaluation of thiazolidinedione-coumarin adducts as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant agents. Lett Org Chem. 2015;12(6):429-55. doi: 10.2174/1570178612666150424235603.
Badiger NP, Shashidhar N, Vaidya PN 2015. Synthesis of novel 5-{[2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-6-arylimidazo[2,1-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazol-5-yl] methylene} thiazolidine-2,4-diones as potent antidiabetic agents. Int J Sci Eng Appl 4(2):24–29.
Patil SD et al. evaluation of thiazolidinedione derivatives for acute toxicity and potential antidiabetic activity. Pharm Chem:201517(5)-216-223.
Verma RK, Mall R, Singh A. Indolyl linked meta-substituted benzylidene-based novel PPAR ligands: synthetic and docking studies. Med Chem Res. 2015;24(4):1396-407. doi: 10.1007/s00044-014-1215-6.
Alam F, Dey K, Kalita P. Synthesis, characterization of thiazolidinedione derivatives as an oral hypoglycemic agent. Ind. J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;5:67-71.
Patel KishanD, Patel CN, Grishma MPatel.Microwave Assisted Synthesis and antidiabetic activity of novel 5-[4-substituted benzylidene] thiazolidine-2,4-dione. Med Chem. 2016;6:10.
Datar PA, Aher SB. Design and synthesis of novel thiazolidine-2,4diones as hypoglycemic agents. J Saudi Chem Soc. 2016;20:S196-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.10.010.
Thareja S. ab Sant K. Verma,a Diksha Haksar,b Tilak R. Bhardwajb and Manoj Kumarb. Discovery of novel cinnamylidene thiazolidinedione derivatives as PTP-1B inhibitors for managing type 2 diabetes. RSC Adv. 2016;6:108928-40.
Swapna D, Sivagami B, Manasa K, Rajitha G, Alagarsamy V. Synthesis and evaluation of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives for antidiabetic activity. Int Res J Pharm. 2016;7:5-11.
Shrivastava SK, Batham A, Sinha SK, Parida TK, Garabadu D, Choubey PK. Design, synthesize and evaluate novel thiazolidinedione derivatives as anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic agents. Med Chem Res. 2016;25(10):2258-66. doi: 10.1007/s00044-016-1675-y.
Ahmadi A, Khalili M, Samavat S, Shahbazi E, Nahri-Niknafs B. Synthesis and evaluation of the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of novel arylidene thiazolidinedione analogs on a type 2 diabetes model. Pharm Chem J. 2016;50(3):165-71. doi: 10.1007/s11094-016-1416-z.
Naim MJ, Alam MJ, Nawaz F, Naidu VGM, Aaghaz S, Sahu M et al. Synthesis, molecular docking, and antidiabetic evaluation of 2, 4-thiazolidinedione-based amide derivatives. Bioorg Chem. 2017;73:24-36. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.05.007, PMID 28582649.
Yasmin S, Capone F, Laghezza A, Dal Piaz F, Loiodice F. Novel benzylidene thiazolidinediones derivatives as partial PPARG agonists and their antidiabetic effects on type II diabetes, Scientific Reports. 2017;7:14453. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14776-0 134, 173–199.
Chhajeda SS, Chaskara S, Kshirsagara SK, Animeshchandra Haldarb GM, Kar Mahapatrac D. Rational design and synthesis of some PPAR-g agonists: substituted benzylidene amino-benzylidene-thiazolidine-2,4-diones Computational Biology and Chemistry. Vol. 67(April); 2017. p. 260-5.
Srikanth Kumar K, Lakshmana Rao A, Basaveswara Rao MV. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of novel 3-substituted-5-[(indol-3-yl)methylene]-thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives. Heliyon. 2018;4(9):e00807. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00807, PMID 30258996.
Ranjan Srivastava AR, Bhatia R, Chawla P. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies of novel 3,5- disubstituted 2,4-thiazolidinediones derivatives. Bioorg Chem. 2019;89:102993. doi: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102993, PMID 31129500.
Huiying Z, Guangying C, Shiyang Z. Design, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation of a new class of 2,4-thiazolidinedione compounds as insulin enhancers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2019;34(1):981-9. doi: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1608197, PMID 31072232.
Abraham gutierre´z-Herna´ndez,1 Yelzyn galva´n-Cipre´s,1 Elix Alberto Dom Samuel Estrada-Soto , 1 Julio Ce´sar Almanza-Pe´rez,2 and Gabriel Navarrete-Va´zquez 1 Design, Synthesis, Antihyperglycemic Studies, and Docking Simulations of Benzimidazole-Thiazolidinedione Hybrids ınguez-Mendoza,1 Yoshajandith Aguirre-Vidal; Hindwai. J Chem;2019:Article ID 1650145, 8 pages.
Kadium RT, Alhazam HA, Hameed BJ. Design, synthesize, and characterize some novel thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as antidiabetic agents. Drug Res. 2021;78(6):773-9. doi: 10.32383/appdr/145368.
Sameeh MY, Khowdiary MM, Nassar HS, Abdelall MM, Amer HH, Hamed A, et al. 1,2. Thiazolidinedione Derivatives: in silico, in vitro, in vivo, Antioxidant and AntiDiabetic Evaluation. Molecules. 2022;27(3):830. doi: 10.3390/molecules27030830, PMID 35164095.
Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, Herman WH, Holman RR, Jones NP et al. Glycemic durability of Rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2427-43. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa066224, PMID 17145742.
Boardman MK et al. DURATION-4: improvements in glucose control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide once weekly, metformin, Pioglitazone, or sitagliptin. Diabetologia. 2011;54;Suppl 1:S314 (Poster 779).
DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D, Schwenke DC, Banerji M, Bray GA, Buchanan TA et al. Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention and impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(12):1104-15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1010949, PMID 21428766.
DREAM (Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication) Trial Investigators, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Bosch J, Pogue J, Sheridan P et al. Effect of Rosiglitazone on the frequency of diabetes in patients with impaired glucose tolerance or fasting glucose: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9541):1096-105. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69420-8, PMID 16997664.
Rosenstock J, Sugimoto D, Strange P, Stewart JA, Soltes-Rak E, Dailey G. Triple therapy in type 2 diabetes: insulin glargine or Rosiglitazone added to combination therapy sulfonylurea plus metformin in insulin-naive patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(3):554-9. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-0695, PMID 16505505.
Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Varney J, et al. Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: a systematic review. BMJ. 2007;335(7618):497. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39314.620174.80, PMID 17761999.
Lago RM, Singh PP, Nesto RW. Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes were given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Lancet. 2007;370(9593):1129-36. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61514-1, PMID 17905165.
Erdmann E, Charbonnel B, Wilcox RG, Skene AM, Massi-Benedetti M, Yates J, et al. Pioglitazone uses and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):2773-8. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0717, PMID 17666462.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effects of Rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072761, PMID 17517853.
Nissen SE, Wolski K. Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality risk. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(14):1191-201. doi: 10.1001/arch intern med.2010.207, PMID 20656674.
Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1180-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.10.1180, PMID 17848652.
Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA, Buse JB, Zagar AJ, Pinaire JA, et al. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(7):1547-54. doi: 10.2337/diacare.28.7.1547, PMID 15983299.
Khan MA et al. A prospective, randomized comparison of the metabolic effects of Pioglitazone or Rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes previously treated with Troglitazone. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:708-11.
Nissen SE, Nicholls SJ, Wolski K, Nesto R, Kupfer S, Perez A et al. Comparison of Pioglitazone vs. glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(13):1561-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.299.13.1561, PMID 18378631.
Mazzone T, Meyer PM, Feinstein SB, Davidson MH, Kondos GT, D’Agostino RB et al. Effect of pioglitazone compared to glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;296(21):2572-81. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.21.joc60158, PMID 17101640.
Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, Erdmann E, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective PioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macrovascular events): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366(9493):1279-89. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67528-9, PMID 16214598.
Tzoulaki I, Molokhia M, Curcin V, Little MP, Millett CJ, Ng A et al. Risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes prescribed oral antidiabetes drugs: retrospective cohort study using UK general practice research database. BMJ. 2009;339:b4731. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4731, PMID 19959591.
Wilcox R, Bousser MG, Betteridge DJ, Schernthaner G, Pirags V, Kupfer S et al. Effects of Pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous stroke: results from PROactive (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macrovascular Events04). Stroke. 2007;38(3):865-73. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000257974.06317.49, PMID 17290029.
Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Massi-Benedetti M, Moules IK, Skene AM et al. The effect of Pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive(PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1772-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.048, PMID 17466227.
Erdmann E et al. Pioglitazone uses and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and pre-existing cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2773-8.
Ratziu V, Giral P, Jacqueminet S, Charlotte F, Hartemann-Heurtier A, Serfaty L et al. Rosiglitazone for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: one-year results of the randomized placebo-controlled Fatty Liver Improvement with Rosiglitazone Therapy (FLIRT) Trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(1):100-10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.078, PMID 18503774.
Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, McCullough A, Diehl AM, Bass NM, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(18):1675-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907929, PMID 20427778.
Zhang H, Zhang A, Kohan DE, Nelson RD, Gonzalez FJ, Yang T. Collecting duct-specific deletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma blocks thiazolidinedione induced fluid retention. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(26):9406-11. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501744102, PMID 15956187.
Guan Y, Hao C, Cha DR, Rao R, Lu W, Kohan DE et al. Thiazolidinediones expands body fluid volume through PPAR gamma stimulation of ENaC-mediated renal salt absorption. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):861-6. doi: 10.1038/nm1278, PMID 16007095.
Vallon V, Hummler E, Rieg T, Pochynyuk O, Bugaj V, Schroth J et al. Thiazolidinedione-induced fluid retention is independent of collecting duct ENaC activity. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(4):721-9. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2008040415, PMID 19158355.
Doehner W et al. Inverse relation of body weight and weight change with mortality and morbidity in patients with type2 diabetes and cardiovascular co-morbidity: an analysis of the PROactive study population. Int J Cardiol. 2011. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard. 2011.09.039.
Betteridge DJ. Thiazolidinediones and fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2011;28(7):759-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03187.x, PMID 21672000.
Wan Y. Pparg in bone homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2010;21(12):722-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2010.08.006, PMID 20863714.
Lewis JD, Ferrara A, Peng T, Hedderson M, Bilker WB, Quesenberry CP et al. Risk of bladder cancer among diabetic patients treated with Pioglitazone: interim report of a longitudinal cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):916-22. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1068, PMID 21447663.
Caisse nationale de l’assurance maladie 2011. Risque de cancer de la vessie chez les personnes diabe´tiques traite´es par pioglitazone en France: une e´tude de cohorte sur les donne´es du SNIIRAM et du PMSI.
Han S, Roman J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in mesangial cells. Hypertension 2001. 2007;37:722-7.
Suzuki S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Wei M, Taniguchi H et al. Effects of Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, on the urine and urothelium of the rat. Toxicol Sci. 2010;113(2):349-57. doi: 10.1093/toxic/kfp256, PMID 19858066.
Varley CL, Southgate J. Effects of PPAR agonists on proliferation and differentiation in the human urothelium. Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2008;60(6):435-41. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.04.009, PMID 18571911.
Dominick MA, White MR, Sanderson TP, Van Vleet T, Cohen SM, Arnold LE et al. Urothelial carcinogenesis in the urinary bladder of male rats treated with muraglitazar, a PPARalpha/gamma agonist: evidence for urolithiasis as the inciting event in the mode of action. Toxicol Pathol. 2006;34(7):903-20. doi: 10.1080/01926230601072327, PMID 17178691.
Zinman B, Harris SB, Neuman J, Gerstein HC, Retnakaran RR, Raboud J et al. Low-dose combination therapy with Rosiglitazone and Metformin to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus (CANOE trial): a double-blind, randomized controlled study. Lancet. 2010;376(9735):103-11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60746-5, PMID 20605202.
Home PD, Pocock SJ, Beck-Nielsen H, Curtis PS, Gomis R, Hanefeld M et al. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomized, open-label trial [record]. Lancet. 2009;373(9681):2125-35. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3, PMID 19501900.
Punthakee Z, Bosch J, Dagenais G, Diaz R, Holman R, Probstfield J et al. The TIDE trial investigators. Diabetologia. 2012;55(1):36-45. doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2357-4, PMID 22038523.
Vaccaro O, Masulli M, Nicolucci A, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Maggioni AP; et al. Effects on the incidence of cardiovascular events of adding Pioglitazone versus sulfonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (TOSCA.IT): a randomized, multicentre trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(11):887-97. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30317-0, PMID 28917544 (TOSCA. Italianist).
Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Marroquin A, Goico J, Ochoa C et al. Effect of Pioglitazone on pancreatic beta-cell function and diabetes risk in Hispanic women with prior gestational diabetes. Diabetes. 2006;55(2):517-22. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1066, PMID 16443789.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2023 P. Laxmi Madhuri, G. Rajitha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.